Energy Efficiency Maximisation in Large-Scale MIMO Systems

Energy Efficiency Maximisation in Large-Scale MIMO Systems Analysis of Energy Efficiency Maximisation in Large-Scale MIMO Systems Introduction and Motivation 1.1 Background The development of smart terminals and their application, the need for multimedia services rapidly increases lately [1]. The capacity of wireless the Quality of Service necessities of mobile applications of wireless communication networks is increasing exponentially [1]. Bandwidth Efficiency is typically one of the important metrics to Systems [1], [1]. Energy Efficiency become a metric for assessing the performances of wireless communications systems with some BE restrictions [1] [1]. 1.2 Research Motivations An accurate modelling of the total power consumption is the primary of (BS) antennas and number of active (UEs) for LS-MIMO systems [15]. 1.3 Research Aim and Objectives The research objectives which are briefly explained and summarized as below: To compare the performance of the proposed uplink and downlink of LS-MIMO systems for ZF, MRT/MRC, and MMSE processing schemes at BS. To implement a new refined model of the total power consumption for LS-MIMO system. To derive closed-form EE-maximal values of number of (BS) antennas, number of active (UEs), and the transmit power using ZF processing in single-cell system and new refined model of the total power consumption when the other two are fixed. To evaluate analytic results for ZF processing scheme with perfect CSI. To measure numerical results for ZF, MRT/MRC, and MMSE processing schemes processing schemes with perfect CSI in a single-cell scenario. To measure numerical results for ZR processing schemes with imperfect CSI, and in a multi-cell scenario. 1.4 Main Contributions This thesis has contributions to knowledge in three research issues for LS-MIMO system, which are the new refined circuit power consumption model, energy efficiency maximisation with ZF processing scheme, and deployment of imperfect CSI case and symmetric multi-cell scenario. Those main contributions of this thesis are summarized and elaborated more detail as follows: The circuit power consumption is the sum of the power consumed by different analogue components and digital signal processing. The new refined model of the total power explicitly described how the total power consumption depends non-linearly on number of number of UEs, number of BS antennas, and transmit power. The closed-form EE expression under the assumption of ZF processing scheme is employed in the uplink and downlink for optimal number of UEs, number of BS antennas, and transmit power for a single-cell scenario with perfect CSI. This option is driven by analytic convenience and numerical results likewise which are close to optimal. Analysis of imperfect CSI case and symmetric multi-cell scenarios deployment are extended using the same method above. A New achievable rate derived for symmetric multi-cell scenarios with ZF processing. 1.5 Research Methodology In the first stage of the research, literature review of past and current works on the area of MIMO, MU-MIMO, and LS-MIMO are extensively conducted to broaden the perspective on such areas of study. Furthermore, state of the art related to those addressed issues are deeply studied and intensively explored during this period. Following the literature review phase, implementation starts with formulating the EE maximisation problem. A new refined circuit power consumption model is proposed. All this then used to compute closed-form expression for the optimal number of UEs, number of BS antennas, and transmit power under the assumption of ZF processing scheme. The testing stage starts with simulation. All the simulations were performed using Monte Carlo Simulation techniques in Matlab. Monte Carlo simulation can handle very complex and realistic. Monte Carlo Simulation were executed for all the investigated schemes with perfect CSI, for ZF with imperfect CSI, and in a multi-cell scenario In the validation stage, numerical results are used to authenticate the theoretical analysis and make comparison amongst different processing schemes. 1.6 Thesis Structure This thesis comprises of six chapters, where each chapter is inter- dependent. Chapter 1 Introduction: Chapter 2 LS-MIMO-An overview: This chapter presents an overview of the LS-MIMO concept. Chapter 3 Literature Review- Energy Efficiency Maximisation in LS-MIMO: Chapter 4 Techniques to Maximise Energy Efficiency: The simulation procedures will be explained in this chapter. Chapter 5 Result and Analysis: This chapter describes description and evaluation for this investigation of LS-MIMO . Chapter 6 Conclusion Further Work: This chapter concludes the results of the implementations, and recommendation of developing revised model for LS-MIMO systems. LS-MIMO An Overview 2.1 Introduction to LS-MIMO Wireless communication is one of the most successful technologies is one of the most successful technologies in modern years, given that an exponential growth rate in wireless traffic (known as Coopers law) [1]. This trend will certainly drive by; for example, augmented reality and internet-of-things [1]. Figure 2-1:[6] 2.2 Antenna configurations Radio-Frequency (RF) circuit is usually connected to its physical antennas through an RF cable in a passive AA. A Remote Radio Unit (RRU) in with a Baseband Unit (BBU) has become a preferred configuration recently [1]. 2.3 Channel Measurements Realistic channel measurements have been carried out in in an effort to identify the main characteristics of LS-MIMO channels [15] 2.4 Channel Model Three types of channel models have been used for evaluating the performance of wireless communications systems, namely the Correlation-Based Stochastic Model (CBSM), the Parametric Stochastic Model (PSM) and the Geometry- Based Stochastic Model (GBSM) in [1]. 2.5 Processing Schemes Precoding LS-MIMO is based on linear processing at the BS. BS has observation of the multiple access channels from the terminals [6]. The BS applies linear receive combining to discriminate the signal transmitted [6]. The simplest choice is maximum ratio (MR) combining by adding the signal components coherently. In [6], this result signal amplification proportional to. Energy Efficiency Problem Literature Review 3.1 System and Signal Model The uplink and downlink of a single-cell multiuser MIMO system operating is considered over a bandwidth of B Hz [15]. 3.2 Channel Model and Linear Processing The M antennas at the BS are spaced apart such that the channel components between the BS antennas and the single-antenna UEs are uncorrelated [15]. The channel describes propagation channel between antenna at the BS and the UE. We assume small scale fading distribution [15]. 3.3 Uplink In [15], under the assumption of Gaussian, linear processing, and the perfect CSI, the achievable uplink rate of the th UE is (3.6) the pre-log factor accounts for pilot overhead and is the fraction of uplink transmission [15]. In addition, (3.7) 3.4 Downlink A normalized precoding vector and the downlink signal to the kth is assigned a transmit power of . In [15], assuming Gaussian codebooks and perfect CSI the achievable downlink rate of the kth UE with linear processing is (3.13) 3.5 Problem Statement The EE of a communication system is measured in bit/Joule and the average total power consumption (in Watt = Joule/second) [15]. The total EE of the uplink and downlink is (3.20) Energy Efficiency Maximisation-Techniques 4.1 Realistic Circuit Power Consumption Model The sum of the power consumed by different components and signal processing is the circuit consumption is [15]. A power consumption model is proposed (3.22) 4.2 Energy Efficiency Maximisation with ZF Processing The EE maximisation problem is resolved under the assumption that ZF processing is employed. This solution is driven by analytic and the numerical results [15]. For ZF processing, Problem 1 reduces to (3.30) 4.3 Extension to Imperfect CSI and Multi-Cell The analysis is prolonged to single-cell scenarios with imperfect CSI. A new achievable rate is derived with ZF forcing processing. The achievable user rates in single-cell scenarios with imperfect CSI [15]. (3.52) Simulation Setup and Numerical Results 5.1 Simulation Setup Simulations used to validate the system design guidelines under ZF processing and to make comparison with other processing schemes [15]. Numerical results provided under both perfect and imperfect CSI, and for single-cell and multi-cell scenarios [ 15]. For stimulating ZF, and MRT analytic results were executed and MMSE, and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to maximise EE [15]. 5.2 Single-Cell Scenario The chosen deployment model validated. 5.3 Multi-Cell Scenario A lot of studies have been carried out. Conclusions and Future Research 6.1 Conclusions This thesis focuses on the energy maximisation improvement of the LS-MIMO systems to cope with energy maximisation problem. The thesis has three main contributions; all are elaborated in detail. 6.2 Future Research Several recommendations, which may guide to the future research directions on LS-MIMO systems. Bibliography [1] K. Zheng, L. Zhao, J. Mei, B. Shao, W. Xiang and L. Hanzo, Survey of  Large- Scale MIMO Systems, in IEEE Communications Surveys   Tutorials, vol.17, no. 3, pp. 1738-1760, third quarter 2015. [2] D. Feng et al., A survey of energy-efficient wireless communications, IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 167-168, 1st Quart. 2012. [3] T. Kailath and A. J. Paulraj, Increasing capacity in wireless broadcast   systems using Distributed Transmission/Directional Reception (DTDR), U.S. Patent 5 345 599, Sep. 6, 1994. [4] E. G. Larsson, F. Tufvesson, O. Edfors, and T. L. Marzetta, Massive MIMO for next generation wireless systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 186-195, Feb. 2014. [5] Views on Rel-12 and Onwards for LTE and UMTS, 3GPP RWS-120006, HUAWEI and HiSilicon, 2013. [6] E. Bjà ¶rnson, E. G. Larsson and T. L. Marzetta, Massive MIMO: ten myths  and One critical question, in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 54,  no. 2, pp.114-123, February 2016. [7] S. Tombaz, A. Và ¤stberg, and J. Zander, Energy- and cost-efficient ultra- high-capacity wireless access, IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 18-24, Oct. 2011. [8] E. Bjà ¶rnson, M. Kountouris, and M. Debbah, Massive MIMO and small  cells: Improving energy efficiency by optimal soft-cell coordination, in  Proc. ICT, 2013, pp. 1-5. [9] E. Bjà ¶rnson and E. Jorswieck, Optimal resource allocation in  Coordinated multi-cell systems, Found. Trends Commun. Inf. Theory,  vol. 9, no. 2/3, pp. 113-381, 2013. [10] Y. Wu, R. Zhou, and W. Zhang, Active antenna system: Utilizing the full  potential of radio sources in the spatial domain, Huawei, Shenzhen,  China, 2012. [11] S. Payami and F. Tufvesson, Channel measurements and analysis for very large array systems at 2.6 GHz, in Proc. 6th EUCAP, Prague, Czech Republic, Mar. 2012, pp. 433-437. [12] Further Advancements for E-UTRA Physical Layer Aspects (Release   9),3GPP TS 36.814, Mar. 2010. [13] H. Boche and M. Schubert, A general duality theory for uplink and  downlink beamforming, in Proc. IEEE VTC-Fall, 2002, pp. 87-91. [14] R. Kumar and J. Gurugubelli, How green the LTE technology can be?in  Proc. Wireless VITAE, 2011, pp. 1-5. [15] E. Bjà ¶rnson, L. Sanguinetti, J. Hoydis and M. Debbah, Optimal  Design of Energy-Efficient Multi-User MIMO Systems: Is Massive  MIMO the Answer?, in IEEE Transactions on Wireless  Communications, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 3059-3075, June 2015.

Having a Dream Becomes Reality Essay

Obstacles always hinder people when they are trying to reach their goals, and those are just ordeals to test their perseverance. In reality, nothing can be obtained or achieved smoothly without going through any difficulties, but once people overcome the obstacles they will achieve the desired goal. In the movie October Sky, directed by Johnston, is about a young man named Homer Hickam who grows up in Coalwood and aspires to become a miner like every male in the town. He becomes obsessed with building his own rockets after he witnesses an artificial satellite goes into orbit, and he achieves a wonderful goal even though he needs to surmount difficulties. However, his passion for building a real rocket makes him willing to take risks and explore new adventures even though he fails several times. There are many kinds of obstacles people face in life, if I had not persuaded myself to keep trying, my dream of going to a better college may not have come true. Indeed, successful people are never giving up their passion to achieve their desired goal even when they are encountering challenges. Accordingly, being adventurous, persistent, and never giving up can be the key characteristics needed for making a dream come true. Adventurous people look for solutions to seek out the answers to the problems they do not understand. Most adventures have elements of uncertainty and fear surrounding them; fear about an uncertain outcome can be a huge deterrent to do adventurous activities. Adventurous people have a mindset that teaches them to seek out new events or activities that can be scary since they do not know what is going to happen, but that is where people need to go. People challenge the difficulties, which is how they can get experience and surmount the obstacles. The main character from the movie, Homer Hickam likes to take risks and challenges himself by building a real rocket after he witnesses the Soviet Union successfully launch the first artificial satellite into orbit. Homer has never touched a welding machine and has no idea how to build a rocket due to limited experience and no professional help. His curious mind makes him studies the instruction books about building rockets. Homer tries so many times to rebuild the rockets due to the failure of launching. There is one time he even blows up his mother’s garden fence, and fortunately no one gets injured. Moreover, when he and his friends test out their rocket at a wasteland, the rocket almost kills his neighbor, Leon Bolden. Even though Homer does not earn his father’s support, and launching is dangerous, he still likes to take risks and continues building rockets. Homer’s adventurous mind makes him successfully launch his real working rocket into the sky eventually. Nevertheless, having only an adventurous mind is not enough to surmount obstacles; being persistent is another key characteristic overcomes obstacles and makes dreams come true. In fact, persistence is the key to success because perseverance will take people a long way, but being willing to be patient while they achieve their goal will take them even further. Homer never quits his dream even when he is accused of having started a forest fire with a rocket that has gone astray, and despite many launching failures, Homer still continues building his dream rocket. Although Homer does not get his father’s permission to build a rocket in their basement, and his father throws his equipment away and prohibits him from doing such unrealistic activity, Homer never gives up even though his launches fail so many times due to his father’s demands. He finds a wasteland and starts building rockets with his friends hoping to go for a national Science Fair. Moreover, Homer does not give up his dream after his father gets injured in the mine. He takes over his father’s work as a coal miner to support his family, and he quits his jobs immediately after his father recovers from injury. Furthermore, Homer proves that his rocket has not gone astray and started a forest fire by showing people where his rocket has exactly landed. Homer’s continuous trying eventually leads him to win the national Science Fair, and he receives a scholarship to go to college. Consequently, without Homer’s persistent mind that leads him keep trying new methods, his dreams would not have come true. Never giving up is the first way to overcome obstacles. People failing do not mean they cannot accomplish their dreams. Never giving up always gives them a second chance, they fail sometimes but it absolutely does not mean that they fail every time. Never giving up is my motto and is what I keep reminding myself to reach where I want to be. I was born in a small and remote village in China. Technological developments and education were relatively poor in my village. As I grew up, I realized the sense in my parents’ emphasis on my education. I discovered that I was their only hope for a lifestyle change, so I decided to study hard in order to help my family to have a better life. The language barrier was one of the difficulties I met when I immigrated to the US. It cost me a lot especially in my grades since I had an extremely difficult time in communicating with my classmates and my teachers. The effect was so immense that I even thought of quitting school at one time. All this negativity came regardless of my dream and promise. However, it completely changed when my parents came for a visit, which was due to a concerned call about my poor grades. To my amazement and shock, my parents had changed significantly with a lot of gray hair replacing with the black. Their thin bodies reflected on the efforts that they had sacrificed for my stay in school. Ever since that day, I have focused on surmounting any barriers. After a lot of efforts, I finally secured a place in a college with a better reputation. Therefore, without having never giving up mindset I might not have a chance to go a college. No matter what impedes them from reaching a desired goal, successful people face difficulties instead of avoiding them. Obstacles give people a chance to get insight on many new aspects and even change their perspectives on many situations. Surmounting obstacles is an essential step people face in order to make their dreams come true. For instance, if Homer is not willing to take risks and challenging the difficulties, he cannot launch his real working rocket into the sky successfully. Persistence means continuing to work toward a goal even when it takes a long time, without persistent belief that leads Homer keeps trying new methods, his dreams of building a rocket would not have come true. Furthermore, if I did not keep reminding myself of never giving up, I probably cannot secure a place in a better college. All the examples listed above demonstrate that being adventurous, persistent, and never giving up are the key characteristics needed to conquer obstacles and make a dream come true.

BAZAARS OF HYDERABAD Essay

In The Bazaars of Hyderabad is a vibrant, colorful poem describing the bazaars of Hyderabad. This poem was written during the British Rule when Indians were asked to boycott foreign products and buy goods from traditional Indian bazaars. During this time, publication of Indian newspapers was banned so she might have thought the best way to spread the message to people was through her poems. In The Bazaars of Hyderabad begins with a question from the poet to the merchants in the bazaar about what they are selling. The merchants reply that they are selling silver and crimson colored turbans, purple brocade tunics, mirrors framed in amber and daggers with handles made of jade. The first stanza ends there. The next stanza is about another stall and the same question is asked by the poet to the vendors about what they are weighing and selling. Saffron, lentils and rice are being sold by the vendors. The poet asks the maidens what they are grinding and she gets a reply that they are grinding henna, sandalwood and spices. The poet then questions the pedlars about what they are selling and they say chessmen dice made from ivory. The third stanza takes us to a jewelry store where the poet asks the goldsmith what ornaments they make. Wristlets, anklets and rings are made is the reply. Moreover, they say they manufacture bells for blue pigeons to be tied to their feet. The bells are as delicate as a dragonfly’s wing. Simultaneously they make gold girdles for dancers and sheaths for kings to keep their swords. The poet visits a fruit shop in the fourth stanza of the poem In The Bazaars of Hyderabad. There she enquires about what they are selling. They tell her they sell lemon, pomegranate and plum. Then the musicians are asked what they play and they say sitar, sarangi and drums are played. She even comes across magicians and asks them what they are chanting and they say that they are chanting magical spells to charm thousand ages to come. The final stanza is about the flower girls who are asked what they are weaving with strands of red and blue flowers. The girls reply that they making garlands for bride and groom to decorate their bed for their wedding night. They are also weaving sheets of white flowers which are placed on graves for fragrance purposes. In The Bazaars of Hyderabad is lucid and vivid in language. It creates beautifully a colorful picture of the bazaar in the minds of its readers.

Taking a Look at Greek Tragedies - 2583 Words

The word ‘tragedy’ can be traced back to Ancient Greece. Although it now holds a very firm meaning it once was believed to mean â€Å"goat-song† it had a connection to the Greek god Dionysus (â€Å"Tragedy†). Tragedies have evolved throughout the centuries and there is myriads of definitions for tragedies many of which refute the others, however, Aristotle’s Poetics gives its own definition as well as lots of insight. While there is no universal agreement of how a tragedy exactly should be concocted there are many reoccurring themes in tragedies which are present in Antigone such as the law of men against the law of the gods, Hamartia (the tragic flaw), View on Women, the bonds of family and the metaphor used by Aristotle which he values so highly: Catharsis. At the beginning of the play the audience is in ignorance but as the tragedy develops and uses its themes by the end it emanates knowledge. 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Renaissance Fashion Essay - 827 Words

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The first Sumptuary Laws were first created during the late 13th century in England under the reign of King Edward III. King Henry VIII and Mary I later used these laws along with Queen Elizabeth (Eakins). For example, King Henry VII used the laws to give men a broader look. During Queen Elizabeth’s reign, she changed the clothing laws used by her father and sister. Queen Elizabeth made the Sumptuary Laws more strict and detailed. Her new changes to the laws included what color, what clothing, what fabrics, and how much clothing people could have. Examples of restrictions include, purple silk was reserved for the queen, king, and family members. Gold, silver, or pearl embroidery was reserved for dukes, earls, and knights (Hanson ). If any of these clothing restrictions were violated the penalties would be harsh. Some of the punishments included fines, loss of property, title, and even life (Alchin, â€Å"Upper Class†). King and queens played a big part in fashion. 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This paper discusses two poems from this period: Heritage, written by Countee Cullen, and The Weary Blues, written by Langston Hughes. There is a lot of mystery

Using Gender Stereotypes to Market Razors - 1422 Words

Razors marketed by using gender Gender is frequently adopted as a main tool of marketing in the case of particular technological devices and one of the most illustrative examples can be observed by looking at the design of razors. The blade itself appears to be no longer important in the contemporary society when considering the overall design of the razor. It is actually hidden and all that people can see is the impressive design found in both razors meant for men and razors meant for women. Moreover, the first thing that people are likely to see when buying a razor is the brand being present on the most prominent side of the package. The marketing strategies devised by razor producers are especially gendered and even their names are meant to influence buyers into thinking that they need to buy particular products. One of the most impressive things about shaving is that it is a practice that is never affected by fashion, taking into account that diverse waves of fashion that dominated particular eras did not influence the masses in buying less razors (NOBODY KNOWS THE STUBBLE THEYVE SEEN 22). This demonstrates that people generally have a tendency to express interest in buying razors, regardless of the environment that they are present in. In order to get a better understanding of how razors are marketed differently on account of gender one needs to think about the product as being a sign, rather than being just a thing. The fact that many razors designed for menShow MoreRelatedEssay about Gendered Media9688 Words   |  39 PagesArticle 7 Gendered Media: The Influence of Media on Views of Gender Julia T. 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History of India free essay sample

Bimbisara founded the dynasty by defeating the Brihadrathas. 37 9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Bimbisara was a contemporary of Buddha. Magadha became a supreme power in North India under Ajatasatru. So Ajatasatru is considered as the founder of Magadhan Supremacy. Pataliputra and Rajagriha were the capitals of Magadhan kingdom. Magadha falls in the Patna region of Bihar. Haryankas were overthrown by Sisunaga and he founded the Sisunaga dynasty there. Kalasoka the son and successor of Sisunaga was succeeded by Mahapadma Nanda and he founded the Nanda dynasty. Ajatasatru’s successor Udayin was the founder of the city of Pataliputra. Alexander died of Malaria at the age of 33 in 323 BC while he was in Babylon. Alexander was cremated at Alexandria. Alexander was known as Shehansha in Persia and Sikhandar-I-Asam in Indo-Pak region. The Last general of Alexander in India was Eudamas. Alexander’s first General in India was Selucus Nikator. Alexander IV succeeded Alexander as the Masedonian K ing. Alexander’s teacher Aristotle is considered as the father of Politics, Biology, Taxonomy and the Science of Logic. ? ? ? ? ? ? Persian Invasion ? The Achaemenian king of Persia, Darius (522 486 BC) captured some territories the east of Sindhu in 518 BC. The Persian domination over Indian territory lasted upto 330 BC. Xerxes was the persian ruler who enlisted Indians in his army. The Kharoshti script was brought to India by Persians. Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC) ? ? Major sources for the study of Mauryan Empire are the Arthasastra of Kautilya and Indika of Megasthenes. Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of Mauryan Empire. Details about his early life are not available He is believed to have belonged to Moriya Clan, hence got the name Maurya. It is also said that his mother was Mura a women of lower birth hence got the name Maurya. In some texts he is referred to as Vrishala and Kulahina. He conspired with Chanakya (Kautilya or Vishnugupta) the minister of Nanda to overthrew the last Nanda ruler DhanaNanda. Chandragupta Maurya ascended the throne in BC 321. He fought against Selucus in 305 BC. Selucus surrendered before him and sent an ambassador, Megasthenese to the court of Chandragupta Maurya. Chandragupta’s Governor Pushygupta constructed the famous Sudarshana lake. ChandraGupta Maurya was converted to Jainism, abdicated the throne in favour of his son Bindusara, passed his last days at ? ? ? ? ? Alexander’s Invasion ? ? Alexander was born in 356 BC as the son of King Philip II of Mascedonia. Epirus or Olympias was Alexanders mother. Aristotle was Alexander’s teacher. He became the king in 336 BC He defeated the Persian ruler Darius III. Alexander founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt In 326 BC Alexander defeated Porus (Purushothama) the ruler of Punjab and Captured Taxila through the battle of Hydaspes on the banks of river Jhelum. Ambhi the ruler of Taxila invited Alexander to India. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 38 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Sravanabelagola (Near Mysore) where he died in 298 BC. Chandragupa Maurya was responsible for the political unification of North India for the first time. Bindusara was a follower of Ajivika sect. Bindusara was known as Amitragatha. Ashoka ascended the throne in 273BC and ruled upto 232 BC. He was known as ‘Devanampriya priyadarsi the beautiful one who was the beloved of Gods. Maski and Gujara Edicts of Ashoka gave the name Devanampriya Priyadarsi. Buddhist tradition says Ashoka killed 99 of his brothers to capture the throne. Ashoka was the first king in Indian history who had left his records engraved on stones. Ashokan inscriptions were written in Kharoshti and Brahmi scripts. Ashoka fought the Kalinga war in 261 BC Kalinga is in modern Orissa. Ashokan inscriptions were deciphered by James Princep. After the battle of Kalinga Ashoka became a Buddhist, being shocked by the horrors of the war. Ashoka was initiated to Buddhism by Upagupta or Nigrodha a disciple of Buddha. For the propagation of Buddhism Ashoka started the institution of Dharmamahamatras. The IV Major Rock Edict of Ashoka tells about the practice of Dharma The Major Rock Edict XII of Ahoka deals with the conquest of Kalinga. Ashoka held the third Buddhist council at his capital Pataliputra in 250BC under the presidentship of Moggaliputa Tissa. He sent his son and daughter to Sri Lanka for the spread of Buddhism (Mahendra and Sanghamitra) Ashoka spread Buddhism to SriLanka and Nepal. He is known as the Constantine of Buddhism. In his Kalinga Edict he mentions ‘‘All man are as my children’’. Ceylones ruler Devanmpriya Tissa was Ashoka’s first convert to Buddhism. Ashoka ruled for 40 years and died in 232 BC. The emblem of the Indian Republic has been ? ? ? ? adopted from the four lion capital of one of Ashokas pillars which is located in Saranath. Rock-cut architecture in India made a beginning during Ashoka’s reign. Brihadratha the last Mauryan ruler was killed by Pushyamitra Sunga who founded the Sunga Dynasty in 185 BC. Megasthenese the first foreign traveller to India mentions about the existence of seven castes in India during the Mauryan period. Stanika in Mauryan administration refers to tax collector. Post Mauryan Period Sunga Dynasty (185-71 BC) ? Sunga Dynasty was founded by Pushyamitra Sunga the commander-in-chief of last Mauryan king, Brihadratha. ? Kalidasa’s drama Malavikagnimitram is about the love story of Pushyamitra’s son Agnimitra and Malavika. Last ling of sunga dynasty was Devabhuti. Kanva Dynasty (72 BC 27 BC) ? Kanva dynasty was founded by Vasudeva Kanva in 72 BC after defeating the last Sunga ruler Devabhuti. This dynasty ruled for a period of 45 years. Vasudeva, Bhumimitra, Narayana and Susuman were the rulers of Kanva dynasty. ? ? Cheta (Cheti) Dynasty of Kalinga ? The Cheti Dyna sty was believed to have founded by Maha Meghavahana The Hatigumbha inscription of Kharavela, of the ? Important Mauryan Officers Samaharta . Collector of Revenue Sannidata .. Head of Treasury Dandapala Head of Police Durga Pala . Head of Royal Fort Pradeshikas . Head of District Administration Prashasti .. Head of Prisons 38 1 Kalinga ruler gives details about the Chedis of Kalinga. ? Alauddin Khilji) ? Kharavela was a follower of Jainism. Indo-Greeks were the first to introduce military governorship in India. Satavahanas (235 BC 100BC) ? The Parthians (19 45 AD) ? Satavahanas were the most powerful ruling dynasty after the Mauryas. Satavahanas were also known as Andhras. Satavahanas were the Indian rulers who prefixed their mother’s name along with their names. Most important Satavahana ruler was Gautamiputra Satakarni. Satavahanas were Brahmanas. Nagarjuna Konda and Amaravati in Andhrapradesh became important seats of Buddhist culture under the Satavahanas. The two common structures of Satavahanas were the temple called Chaitya and the monastery called Vihara. Satavahanas mostly issued lead coins. The official language of the Satavahanas was Prakrit Parthians also known as Pahalavas were Iranian People. Gondophernes was the greatest of the Parthian rulers. St. Thomas is said to have came to India for the propagation of Christianity during the period of Gondophernes. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Sakas (90 BC Ist AD) ? ? Sakas were also known as Scythians. The first Saka king in India was Maues or Moga who established Saka power in Gandhara. The most famous of the Saka rulers in Western India was Rudra Daman I. His achievements are highlighted in his Junagarh inscription written in 150 AD. Junagarh inscription of Rudradaman was the first inscription in Sanskrit. Ujjayini was the capital of Rudradaman. ? ? ? ? ? Indo Greeks ? ? First to invade India were the Greeks who were called Indo-Greeks. The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander with his Capital at Sakala in Punjab (Modern Sialkot) The Indo-Greeks were the first to issue gold coins in India. The introduction of Hellenistic art features into India were also the contribution of Indo-Greek rule. Menander was converted into a Buddhist by Buddhist monk Nagasena (Nagarjuna) Indo-Greeks were the first to issue coins bearing the figure of kings. Demitrius, the king of Bacteria invaded India about 190BC. He is considered as Second Alexander (But the Indian ruler who accepted the name second Alexander (Sikandar-i-sani) was Kushans ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Kushans are also known as Yuch-chis or Tocharians. Kushans came to India from North Central Asia. First great Kushana king was Kujala Kadphises or Kadphises I. The most famous Kushana ruler was Kanishka. He became the ruler in 78 AD and started Saka Era in 78 AD. The Capital of Kanishka was Peshawar or Kanishka Purushapura. Kanishka convened the fourth Buddhist council in Kashmir. 38 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Scholars like, Parsva, Vasumitra, Ashvaghosha, Charaka and Nagarjuna were the courtiers of Kanishka. The Gandhara School of Art received royal patronage under the Kushans. Kanishka patronised Mahayana form of Buddhism. Kanishka is righty called the ‘Second Ashoka’ Kanishka was the first king who inscribed the image of Lord Buddha on his coins. Kanishka started the Saka era in 78 AD. The first month of Saka era is Chaithra and the last month is Phalguna. Vasudeva was the last great king of Kushana Dynasty. Kushana school of art is also referred to as the Mathura school. ? ? Sanskrit was the court language of the Guptas. India became ‘‘Greater India’’ under Samudra Gupta. Samudra Gupta was an accomplished Veena player. Chandragupta II the greatest of Gupta rulers was popularly known as Vikramaditya. ? ? Historically Important Places Ayodhya Birth place of Sri Rama (UP) Amber Palace Rajasthan Aghakhan Palace Pune (Maharashtra) (Gandhi and Kasturba were kept in prison here) Kedarnath Holy place of Hindus (Utharanchal) Amarnath Pilgrim centre (Kashmir) Elephanta caves Near Mumbai Ellora Caves Maharashtra 34 cavetemples (Hindu, Buddha Jaina) Rajgir Jain Temple in Bihar Golden Temple Amritsar Harmandir Sahib of Sikhs Golgumbus Bijapur (Karnataka) Tomb of Muhammed Adil Shah Tanjore Capital of Cholas Brihadveswara Temple Charminar Hyderabad (Monument of Plague eradication) Konark Temple Orissa (Sun Temple) Qutab Minar Delhi Khajuraho Near Bhopal (M. P. ) 80 temples Mahabalipuram Centre of Pallava architecture (Tamil Nadu) Kurukshetra Battle of Mahabarata (in Haryana) TajMahal Agra (UP) Built by Shah Jahan Sanchi Buddhist Stupa (Madhya Pradesh) Haridwar Holy Place of Hindus (Uttaranchal) Gupta Empire (320 540 AD) ? ? ? Gupta Empire was founded by Sri Gupta. Ghatotkacha was the second ruler. Chandra Gupta I was the real founder of the Gupta Empire. He came to the throne in 320 AD. He was the first ruler to adopt the title Maharajadhiraja. He laid the foundation of Gupta Era on 26 February 320 AD. Samudra Gupta succeeded Chandragupta I in 335 AD. The Allahabad Pillar inscription composed by Harisena contains information about Samudragupta’s conquests. Allahabad Pillar inscription is also known as ‘Prayagaprasasti’. Samudra Gupta is also known as ‘Linchchavi Dauhitra’’. (son of the daughter Kumaradevi of Lichchavis) Samudra Gupta is described as ‘Indian Napoleon’ by V. A. Smith. Samudra Gupta composed ‘‘Vahukabita’’ and had the title ‘‘Kaviraja’’. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 38 3 ? He adopted the title ‘Sakari’ after his victory over Rudradaman II of Gujarat. Fa hein, the Chinese traveller, visited India during his period. The exploits of Chandragupta II are glorified in an iron pillar inscription fixed near Qutub Minar. Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya as a mark of his victory over the Sakakshatraps. ‘Nine gems’ or ‘Navratnas’ was a famous Scholastic Assembly in the court of Chandragupta II. The members in the Ninegems were Kalidasa, Kadakarbhara, Kshapanaka, Varahmihira, Vararuchi, Vethalabhatta, Dhanvantari, Ammarasimha, Sanku. Chandragupta II was succeeded by his son Kumaragupta I. Skandagupta Vikramaditya was the last great ruler of Gupta Empire. Skandagupta Vikramaditya was the only hero in Asia and Europe who defeated the Hunas in their glorious period. Vishnu Gupta was the last ruler who died in 570 AD. Mantriparishad assisted the king in administration. Most important Industry of the Gupta period was textile. Period of the Gupta is compared to ‘Periclean Age of Greece’, ‘Augustan Age of Rome’ and ‘Elzabethan Age of England’. Period of the Guptas is considered as the Golden Age in the history of India. Earlier Guptas had their capital at Prayag in Allahabad, later it was shifted to Ujjain by Chandragupta II. The most important officers in the Gupta empire were Kumaramatyas. The royal seal of the Guptas bore the emblem of Garuda. Aryabhatta was the first to treat Mathematics as a separate subject. He wrote Aryabhattiyam. He ? ? belonged to the Gupta period. Aryabhatta was the first to use Decimal System. Panchsidhanta, Brihat Jataka, Laghu Jataka and Brihat Samhita are the works of Varahamihira. The best specimen of the Gupta paintings are seen at Ajanta caves and the Bhaga caves. The Gupta period marked the beginning of Indian temple architecture. Guptas issued large number of gold coins in India. Guptas largely patronised art and architecture. Guptas patronised the Gandhara school of art, Madhura School of Art and the Andhra School of Art. The Fresco paintings in the Ajanta caves are examples of the art of the Guptas. The chief source of income was land revenue. The position of women declined during the Gupta period. A renowned physician of the Gupta period was Vaghbhatta Nalanda and Taxila were the two universities of this period. Kalidasa is generally called ‘‘Indian Shakespeare’ and the ‘Prince of Indian Poets’. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Kalidasa ? Books on Sciences Chandra Vyakaran Chandragomin Amar Kosh Amar Singh Niti Shastra . Kamandak Kamasutra .. Vatsya yana Panchasiddhantika . Varahamihira Ashtanga Hridaya . Vaghbhatta Hastyaurveda . Pulkapya Sankhyakarika . Iswarkrishna ? ? ? ? 38 4 ? Patanjali founded ‘Yoga Shastra’, a school of Hindu philosophy during this period. ? ? ? ? ? The Hunas ? The Huns were a nomadic and barberic race of Central Asia. They were defeated by Skanda Gupta. In the last quarter of the 5th century AD, the Hunas established an independent kingdom in the Punjab. Toramana and Mihirakula were important Huna leaders. In 510 AD Bhanu Gupta defeated Toramana. Narasimha Gupta defeated Mihirakula. The Hunas gave rise to the Kshatriya Rajaputs. Sialkot was Mihirakula’s capital. He made Kanauj his new capital from Taneswar. Original name of Harsha was Siladitya. Chinese traveller Hieun Tsang visited India during his reign. Harsha summoned a religious assembly at Prayag. Hieun Tsang said Indians were ‘‘Truthful people although quick tempered’’ Harsha’s biography ‘Harsha Charita’ was written by his court poet Banabhatta. He also wrote ‘Kadambari’. Harsha Vardhana was a poet and dramatist. Ratnavali, Priyadarshika and Nagananda are the works of Harshavardhana. Harsha Vardhana was defeated by the Chalukyan king Pulikeshin II in AD 634. Harshavardhanas empire was the last Buddhist empire in India. After Harsha, the Karkotas of Kashmir established their power. Mahendravarman I and Pulikeshin II were the contemporaries of Harshavardhana. Matanga, Divakar, Jayasena and Bhartrihari