Roman and Egyptian Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Roman and Egyptian Technology - Research Paper Example Horses and donkeys were domesticated roughly between 3000 BC and 4000 BC, while camels were domesticated between 2000 BC and 3000 BC, with the exact dates unavailable. By 3100 BC, Egyptians had invented sailing boats made of papyrus reeds tied together. However, the sails were weak and only useful when sailing unidirectional. Around 2700 BC, Egyptians made wooden ships for trade in the sea. They were steered using a long oar. On the other hand, the Romans built networks of roads in the empire for easy movement of the Roman army from one part of the empire to the other. The wealthy members of the empire used covered wagons on long journeys or horses (Olson 13). The Romans also had merchant ships famously called cortia, which had the ability to over 1000 tons of cargo. They had a single mast that carried the rectangular sail, though some others had small sails at the stern and bow. Similar to the Egyptians, the ships used oars for steering, though they had lighthouses for guidance. The fall of the Roman Empire was a blow to the transport system. Major roads in Europe became dirt tracks and mud in winter. The rudder was a European (earlier, the Roman Empire) invention that went a long way in the steering of ships. In addition, ships became advanced with the rudder and compasses, with three masts in addition by the 15th century. Turnpike roads opened in 1663, with the Bridgewater canal completion at the end of the 18th century. The nineteenth century saw the invention of the railways and steam locomotives, followed by horse drawn omnibuses in 1829 and the first car in 1886 by Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler (Danver 265). At the same time, steam turbines by Charles Parsons improved sea transport. Another interesting ancient technology is that of braces. According to archeologists and the American Association Orthodontists, there have been several discoveries of mummified ancients bearing metal bands around individual teeth. The Etruscans (Roman precursors) buried the ir dead dental appliances used to maintain dentition and space. In addition, a Roman tomb discovered in Egypt had a mummy whose teeth were bound by gold wire (Archwired). Additionally to note is the recordings of finger pressure treatment of teeth by Aurelius Cornelius Celsus during the time of Christ. Nonetheless, there were no significant orthodontic events occurring before the 17th century. The first publications on teeth straitening were in 1792. Astronomy, the natural science dealing with celestial objects, also dates back thousands of years ago. In ancient Egypt, people believed that the universe was an enormous rectangular box with Egypt at the center and huge lamps hanging down as the stars (Nicholson and Shaw 321). Similarly, most other cultures held the same concept with their cultures at the center of the world. Nonetheless, the ancient cultures, especially in Egyptian and Roman, were held back from technological development for investigating the cosmos by their beliefs i n their many unpredictable gods. The Jews, which was the only culture that worshipped God, had a positive influence on the science through the bible. The Greeks were the first ancient culture to become aware of their surroundings. In fact, the word astronomy is a derivative from the Greek words â€Å"law and order†. However, the Greeks were not the only culture to try their hands on astronomy, but

Emphysema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emphysema - Essay Example revention, there already had been 12, 790 deaths recorded in the United States only in the year 2007 caused by emphysema alone, while 3.8 million adults were diagnosed with the disease in the year 2008 (â€Å"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary,† 2010). As emphysema affects people, this paper aims to increase the readers’ knowledge on what it is, its signs and symptoms, treatments, and other issues surrounding it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Emphysema is one form of COPD in addition to chronic bronchitis. It is chronic as it is develops as a result of â€Å"many years of assault on lung tissues from cigarette smoke or other toxins that pollute the air† (Lewis, 1999, p. 1). The American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society (2004) define it as â€Å"the presence of permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis† (p. 8). Naturally, the lungs have defenses such as macrophages and other free-roving cells that protect it from foreign particles that could impair its natural functions of breathing and oxygenation. However, this protection from the invading particles is only limited (Boyce, 1997, p. 80). Continued smoking or exposure to polluted air, the main risk factors of emphysema, cause the particles to â€Å"tend to stay in the lungs and can cause lung damage† by scarring or forming fibrosis resulting to air sac walls being destroyed leading to COPD and other lung diseases (Crowley, 2010, p. 379; Boyce, 1997, pp. 80-81). Some reports providing link between the developments of emphysema after dental treatments have also started to appear (Gamboa-Vidal, Vega-Pizarro, & Almeida-Arriagada, 2007). Nonetheless, further studies to support such claims are still suggested. In continuation, the function of the substance elastin that allows flexibility in lungs becomes impaired with smoking habits and exposure to air pollutants (Parkinson, 2007, p. 22). The release of substance

Organic Chicken Farming Advantages And Disadvantages Environmental Sciences Essay

Organic Chicken Farming Advantages And Disadvantages Environmental Sciences Essay One of the main goals of organic chicken farming is self sufficiency. Taking responsibility from beginning to end of the life cycle of chickens, and creating a more sustainable farm is one of their missions. Organic chicken have been found to have fewer toxins than commercially raised poultry which often contains hormones, antibiotics, and trace amounts of pesticides (Wozniak 2010). Organic farms use brooders; chicken tractors, organic feed, as well as the Government Districts provided the basic equipment needed to do the processing. The District purchases a set of Kill Cones, a Scalder and a Plucker from the Featherman Company to rent out to small farmers for on farm use, and we were the first farm that used this equipment. When analyzing the advantages of organic poultry, flavor, nutrients, and lack of chemicals being present tend to outweigh the price change. Many aspects about meat quality are also taken into consideration when processing organic chicken. Many things need to be i dentified such as; age at slaughtering, physical activity, pasture intake, and genetic strains (Castellini 2008). The chickens at the majority of organic farms are not given any growth hormones or antibiotics. This process is creating new awareness about commercially raised chicken, which may also be exposed to contaminants, like heavy metals, which appear in some commercial chicken food (Fakayode 2003). Health risks for commercially raised chickens compared to organically grown locally processed chickens, is prevalent throughout our food industry, and farms need to take action. Introduction Organic chicken farming is seen as more beneficial than other forms of organic meat production because the animals take up less space and grow to large sizes relatively quickly. Organic chicken is raised without antibiotics due to hormones being illegal in the United States. The health of your chicken flock is more difficult to keep up with due to the lack of drugs to speed development. Organic feed costs more than conventional feed, but organic chickens are sold for higher prices. The good outweighs the difficulties when it comes to organic chicken raising and processing. The use of organic feed, has been produced without chemicals and has not had any chemicals that were applied for at least three years. The price increases for organic chickens are due to the cost of feed, production, and labor needed for processing and the extra care that is used for organic chickens. The materials used for disinfecting livestock facilities should be non-synthetic or they should be on the National List and consistently used with any restrictions. Currently, the only synthetic equipment and facility cleaners allowed in organic farms are chlorine products such as sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide; hydrogen peroxide, and phosphoric acid. Organic food production has increased 20% a year, which is far ahead of the rest of the industry, all over the world (Fakayode 2003). Methods Organic Chicken Processing begins with an area called a brooder. A brooder is a heated container that can have its temperature controlled in at least one area. It is used to confine chickens with their feed and water until six weeks old then placed outside. After six weeks old the broiler chickens are taken and transferred into chicken tractors which are made out of all recycled material, and includes recycled corrugated plastic roofing. With half of the roof open and the other half plastic roofing, it allows the chickens to be protected from weather conditions. The enclosed box is without a floor, a bell drinker is used for water, and chicken feeders are placed along the tractor, under the enclosed area. Chickens are fed twice a day organic grain blend. These chicken tractors keep chickens protected from predators such as, coyote, raccoons, and owls. It also allows chickens to fertilize the pastures. They are placed on a strict rotation schedule of two to three times a day rotation to clear grass areas. The pen is then moved two times a day so that the chickens manure will be spread out more and wont kill the grass as easily. It will also allow the chickens more fresh grass. A special dolly is placed under one of the 10ft. sides. The pen is then pulled from the opposite end. A wire with a piece of cut garden hose on it is attached to the bottom board at each of the corners of the 10ft. side. The person then lifts up the end of the pen with the wire, holding on to the garden hose and pulls the pen with the makeshift dolly 12ft. until the back edge of the pen is where the front end was before moving. On farm slaughter is truly a process, requiring specialized equipment, planning and hard work. The Pierce County Conservation District provides organic farms of the area basic equipment needed to continue with the processing. The District purchases Kill Cones, Scalder, and a Plucker from the Featherman Company to rent out to small farmers for on farm use. The proces sing begins with inserting the chickens head down into the kill cones, grasping the head and cutting the carotid arteries to efficiently bleed the chickens. The next step is hanging the birds two at a time on the dunker and scalded them in 150F water to loosen the feathers. A 5-7 second dunk into the dunker allows for the feathers to be pulled out by hand without resistance. The birds are then placed into the plucker, which looks like a washing machine, and it plucks them clean. The last steps are; cutting the feet off, pull off head, eviscerate, rinse and chill the birds. Refrigerate the birds and freeze them in gallon bags. Results Organic farming allows for the earths increasing population to contribute to a healthy, happy, and natural world. The variation of benefits that are created when farming organically, create positive aspects for the direct species and the environment. The recycling of organic wastes as soil additions is especially promoted in sustainable agricultural farming systems. Due to the area the chickens are raised in, we as consumers depend on organic meat quality, which is easily determined. There are many things that need to be identified such as; age at slaughtering, physical activity, pasture intake, and genetic strains (Castellini 2008). Organic food production is extremely regulated industry, different than that of private gardening. Special certification is used in order to market food as organic within state borders. Some certifications allow for certain amounts of chemicals and pesticides to be used so consumers need to the standards of organic in there area. Commercial chicken has t he possibility of being exposed to heavy metals and other contaminants (Fakayode 2003). Organic chicken meat has many positive aspects that come along with it. Organic meat has been found to have a shorter shelf life and have less fat content compared to traditionally raised and commercially processed chicken (Lewis et al. 1997). The variety of additions that are found in commercially raised poultry include hormones, antibiotics, and various amounts of pesticides, all that could affect a populations health (Wozniak 2010). This creates an increase in the health effects for organic chicken and allows for the absence of chemicals into our systems. Health can also be negatively affected if the organic chicken is raised improperly, and could possibly carry a higher case of salmonella. Health risks that are associated with commercially raised chickens and the antibiotics that are used on them, have been shown with research to increase risk of cancer, onset of puberty, and germ resistance in some people (Salter 2010). On organic farms, soil fertility is maintained mainly with organic matter from animals that are present, in contrast to conventional farmers who use fresh manure, chemical fertilizers, and large amounts of pesticides. Organic chicken has many different flavors due to the lack of these pesticides and fertilizers. There is also more flavor in chicken thats not commercially produced, it tends to be tenderer and have more complex flavors (Castellini 2006). The benefits outweigh the costs of creating an organic farm. Some issues revolving around organic chicken have been found to have more fat than protein in some farms due to type of organic food intake (Wang 2010). Enhancement of biodiversity through organic farming should not be assumed to be perfect; the benefits may be offset by crop type, organic management practices and the specific habitat requirements in the surrounding landscape. Due to the large varieties of organic farming practices each farm has its own requirements based on state issued regulations. Cost is also of issue due to the high prices of feed grain for organic chicken and this in turn is causing an increase in chicken prices at markets. Organic chicken has many health benefits and also some disadvantages to consumers. These issues are thoroughly being researched in the environmental world, and will continue to break new ground. Cost, production, and handling techniques are all measured and calculated in order to show the known advantages of organic farms processing chickens. Sustainability is an important issue to organic farms and with fully processing chickens it will create a circle of balance between the chicken egg all the way up until it is processed.

Essay --

The Gothic novel, Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà « can be depicted as a novel that lacks a hero. Heathcliff, the protagonist of the novel, lacks many characteristics of a traditional hero; therefore, causes him to reflect the definition of a villain in a work of literature. Wuthering Heights illustrates that a predictable hero is not presented and that Heathcliff is the antithesis of a hero in the novel. Heathcliff is characterized as a vengeful character, who becomes destroyed and corrupted due to his rejection from Catherine, his overwhelming jealousy, and his mistreatment as a child by Hindley. He is a cynical character and due to his cruel and wicked attitude that grows throughout the novel, he grows to be a villain. Wuthering Heights lacks what a reader might assume to be an established hero. The novel lacks a hero due to the protagonists' personality, actions, and use of his qualities towards specific characters. Heathcliff, who develops into a wicked character from a young age, lacks heroic attributions because he shifts roles from a young age. Heathcliff develops into a misanthrope and a "...man who seemed more exaggeratedly reserved than myself." as described by Lockwood (4). Heathcliff grows up to become isolated from the rest of the world, having obtained Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange after his true loves', Catherine's, death. Although Heathcliff portrays hero related characteristics, he does not utilize his traits in appropriate situations or in acceptable ways, which causes the story to lack a hero figure. Heathcliff does not use his traits to present the archetypal hero in the work of literature. He has been treated harshly as a child himself; however, he uses his past to fu lfill his future. Heathclif... ..., the protagonist of the novel, lacks many characteristics of a traditional hero; therefore, causes him to reflect the definition of a villain. Due to his wicked and vengeful attitude that grows throughout the novel, Heathcliff grows to be a villain. Although he was mistreated as a child, he utilizes and carries out his past to continue his future, which still caused him pain and suffering in the end. Heathcliff took advantage and sought revenge over the ones who mistreated him, which is why he can be characterized as a major villain and why the novel Wuthering Heights lacks a hero. Although Heathcliff and Catherine illustrate an endless love, the two characters take advantage of each other and cause harm to one another in numerous ways. They do not feel sympathetic towards each other because they both state how they have killed each other emotionally and mentally.

The Art Of Beautiful Women

Proposal:I will attempt to display the comparison of the cultures that produce the Barbie doll and the cultures that produce the Venus de Willendorf. While talking about the two cultures, I will describe some interesting but common themes the Paleolithic cultures and the modern culture encounter: what our modern culture has embraced and those things that it has deserted of which the Paleolithic culture in high regards. Meanwhile through my discussions I will show how much of our world views have changed from an era of the Venus de Willendorf to the modern world view of what the ideal woman should look like and how the view of beauty should not be as two-dimensional as the modern culture makes it out to be.Outline:Introductiona.) â€Å"Only the eye beholder can see the art of beautiful women†, this observation can be proven by looking at different cultures throughout the history of our times. The art of beautiful women is much more that what she looks like, it is also what a wo man’s body can withstand as well as what her body can produce. Women’s bodies are only the expression of the women we allow to live inside them. Let that woman be free. Let her shine. And know that the house in which she lives will always be as beautiful as she believes it to be. Previous cultures show’s us what our modern culture tends to ignore. Body:b.) Common ideas between the Paleothic cultures’s view on beauty verses our modern society’s view.I.) A common idea on the views of beauty between the Paleothic culture and our modern society’s view is that both cultures tend to admire a woman’s beauty: each in their own way. c.) A bit of differences between the views of beauty of the Paleothic culture and the modern world.II.) The main difference between the culture of our past and today’s  society is that of size and shape of a woman. In the Paleothic culture, the ideal shape of a women is believed to have been rather a large size woman, she would be considered volumpsous. Although today‘s society dictates that women of this era should be thin, big breasted and well preserved. Conclusion:The main objective that was intended for discussion of this paper was to discuss the different women idols that are famous in today’s era as compared to the Paleothic era. The significance of women has changed with the passage of time along with the roles and responsibilities that were fulfilled by them previously. There is a major difference between the idealizations of art of beautiful of women in the Paleothic culture and the art of beautiful women that is referred to in today’s society.Some of the roles that women share from both era’s were that women were depicted as some sort of sex symbol, and important enough for being child bearing. The role that the Barbie play in today’s society will be researched in order to explore the societal, political implication of idols to identify th e similarities and differences between the earliest known civilization and the culture of today ‘s era.

Lamb to the Slaughter †Study of Mary Maloney Essay

I am going to explain within this essay how I think Mary Maloney’s character changes in the story Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl. When the story opens Mary is a content, loving and devoted wife and is six months pregnant and happy to be so. â€Å"Now and again she would g lance up at the clock, but without anxiety, merely to please herself with the thought that each minute gone by made it nearer the time when he would come.† The statement â€Å"without anxiety† demonstrates her contentment. The statement â€Å"please herself† to â€Å"when he would come† demonstrates the love and devotion she has as she is eagerly awaiting the return of her husband from work. It states â€Å"The drop of the head as she bent over her sewing was curiously tranquil. Her skin – for this was her six month with child – had acquired a wonderful translucent quality†. The use of the word â€Å"tranquil† and â€Å"wonderful† portray she was thriving on her pregnancy and had no anxieties. It later states â€Å"For her, this was always a blissful time of day†. The use of â€Å"blissful† shows demonstrates the full extent of her contentment. On the arrival of her husband home Mary Maloney begins to detect something is wrong with her husband and a nervous anxiousness starts to appear in her. It states â€Å"he did an unusual thing. He lifted his glass and drained it in one swallow†. This was setting the scene that this was not a normal evening and indicating â€Å"drained it† introduced negative connotations. The statements â€Å"she heard the ice cubes falling back against the bottom of the empty glass† and â€Å"she noticed the new drink was dark amber† and â€Å"she could see little oily swirls in the liquid because it was so strong† shows she was becoming fixated on the manner in which he was drinking the whisky. This fixation was used by the story teller in combination with her repeated attempts to be helpful and appease in statements such as â€Å"’I’ll get it!’ she cried, jumping up.† and â€Å"‘Darling, shall I get your slippers?’ † and also with â€Å"’But, darling, you must eat!’† to build up a picture of increasing uneasiness in her. The writing style of using of exclamation marks and italicised â€Å"must† emphasised the anxiety. On her husband’s announcement of his news Mary Maloney went into shock and denial. The statement â€Å"dazed horror† demonstrated this but also â€Å"as he went further and further way from her with each word† emphasised she had begun to detach from her current reality and to hope it was all a mistake â€Å"Maybe, if she went about her business and acted as though she hadn’t been listening, then later, when she sort of woke up again, she might find none of it had ever happened.† demonstrates this further. The statement â€Å"She couldn’t feel anything at all – except a slight nausea and a desire to vomit† demonstrates the extent of her emotional distress as it emphasised her body had been physically affected by the news. After she kills her husband she is jolted out of shock by the sounds of her husband crashing to the floor. The statement â€Å"The violence of the crash, the noise, the small table overturning, helped bring her out of shock† demonstrates this. Her mind races to at this point to calculate how to cover up the crime but not for her own benefit but to protect her unborn child. This is shown in the statements â€Å"how clear her mind became all of a sudden. She began thinking very fast.†, â€Å"It made no difference to her. In fact it would be a relief†, â€Å"what about the child† and â€Å"she ran upstairs to the bedroom†. The fast pace being used to show still an element of distress but now more panicked than shocked, clear minded and calculating how to get away with the crime. Mary Maloney then perseveres to overcome her panic and acts to maintain an air of normality so that she can carry out believably her plan to cover up her crime. The statement â€Å"That was better. Both the smile and the voice were coming out better now. She rehearsed it several times moreâ€Å". This shows the struggle to speak normally as she needed to rehears it. In the shop the statement â€Å"’Hullo Sam,’ she said brightly, smiling at the man behind the counter.† and â€Å"Perfect’, she said. He loves it.’†, shows she has decided to pretend that there is nothing wrong. This act of normality is further emphasised by her thoughts as she approaches her house on return from the shops stating â€Å"she happened to find anything unusual or tragic, or terrible, then naturally it would be a shock and she’d become frantic with grief and horror.†, and â€Å"Keep things absolutely natural and there’ll be no  need for actin g at all†. She believes by being as natural as possible she will get away with the crime. Mary Maloney then feels the pain of loosing her husband. The passage â€Å"All the old love and longing for him welled up inside her, and she ran over to him and knelt down beside him, and began to cry her heart out. It was easy. No acting was necessary.† The words â€Å"welled up† shows her being overcome by emotion and also â€Å"to cry her heart out† being very emotive of a pouring out of her emotions. After the momentary grief of seeing her husband dead on her return she goes back into acting out her plan to cover up the crime but calmer and yet more calculating. The statement â€Å"she fell right into Jack Noonan’s arms, weeping hysterically†, â€Å"’Is he dead?’she cried.† and â€Å"While she was talking, crying and talking†. Mary was building a picture of a a wife who was grieving. She then lures the policemen into drinking â€Å"’Would you mind giving me a drink’† â€Å"Why don’t you have one yourself, ‘she said. ‘You must be awfully tired’ â€Å"and â€Å"others came in and were persuaded to take a little nip†. They were â€Å"uncomfortable in her presence† and when it came to eating the meat â€Å"’Please she begged. ‘Please eat it’†, and then, †It’d be a favour to me if you’d eat it up† and â€Å"in the end they were persuaded to go into the kitchen and help themselves.† It was calculating as she was using the policeman’s discomfort at being with a grieving widow and desire to not cause her further distress to do things that they would not normally do. In this way she achieves her goal which was for them to eat the weapon, the leg of lamb. It shows her ability to manipulate the others in the situation. There is no visible remorse being demonstrated by these actions. In the end she is pleased with her efforts to cover up the crime. The statement â€Å"And in the other room, Mary Maloney began to giggle† shows this. In the story she has turned full circle from the devoted loving wife to calculating killer pleased to have gotten off with it. The storyteller is portraying a crime of passion where someone has been wronged by their love, reacts on the spur of the moment and feels the pain of the loss but covers up the crime possibly with little guilt having been the emotionally injured  party at the outset. She has justified her actions to herself for the well being of her unborn child.